Montreal Protocol is one of the most successful environmental agreements
that happened between the members of United Nations in 1987. According to the
agreement, all the member nations agreed upon the phase-out of a number of
chemicals especially refrigerants owing to their adverse effects on the ozone
layer which protects the human health and environment from the Sun’s
ultraviolet radiations. The major chemicals which are banned or being phased-out
worldwide are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in 1996 and hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs) by 2020.
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HCFC-22, which is also known as R-22 has been in use for residential and
commercial air-conditioning systems for four decades, and its sudden phase-out
agreement released in 2004, affected the global refrigerants market. Due to the
sudden phase-out of HCFCs, the ongoing manufacturing of air-conditioning and
refrigeration equipment (AC&R) has been affected drasatically. There were
three possibilities left; first, continue to use the existing refrigerant i.e.
HCFC’s, second, convert the equipment system which can support alternate
refrigerant, third , replace the
equipment with high efficiency equipment designed to run on non HCFC
refrigerants.
Conversion of equipment system according to a new refrigerant involves
many complexities including detailed engineering of the existing system. There
are many alternative refrigerants available such as hydrocarbons (e.g. R290,
R600a), ammonia (R717), carbon dioxide (R744) and new unsaturated HFCs (such as
R1234yf), but each of these are designed for specific operating equipment and
conditions. Installation of inappropriate refrigerants in the system reduces
efficiency and tends to system breakdown. Usage of alternative refrigerants
also leads to reduction in capacity or efficiency of the system by 5% to 20%.
Change in the type of refrigerant charge also demands the change of
refrigeration oil as these are compatible only with specific type of
refrigerants. Refrigeration oil is a type of lubrication fluid used in the
compressor bearings and other moving parts in the equipment system and is
available in mineral and synthetic based. Synthetic based refrigeration oils
are more compatible with the alternative refrigerants; especially polyolester
oil (POE) which is the most popular refrigeration oil, suitable for refrigerant
types such as hydrocarbon, CO2 and HFC.
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